Права государства на землю: может ли правительство отнять земельный участок у собственника
Государство имеет право на отчуждение землевладений у собственника, если речь идет о государственных или муниципальных требованиях. Это утверждение справедливо, когда рассматривается проведение федерального маршрута или иного объекта государственной значимости. Вместе с этим государство должно компенсировать владельцу рыночную стоимость землевладения, а также понесенный ущерб и утерянную выгоду. Итак, рассмотрим подробнее, в каких случаях государство может отнять землю.
Законодательные основания отчуждения землевладений
Содержание
В случае отчуждения землевладения у собственника, государственными нуждами признаются:
- Изъятие земли для исполнения международных договоренностей.
- Размещения следующих государственных объектов: оборонных; транспортных; по использованию атомной энергии; космической деятельности; пограничных; энергоснабжения.
- Иных объектов, устанавливаемых законами РФ и субъектами РФ.
После обширных государственных строек, таких как олимпийские объекты, были приняты многочисленные поправки в земельном законодательстве, регламентирующем процессы отчуждения земельных владений для общегосударственных нужд. Полностью посвящена этому четвертая глава аграрного законодательства. Решение о реквизиции землевладения могут инициировать государственные органы власти, региональные и муниципальные. Новшество, введенное Земельным кодексом: недропользовательские организации, объекты естественных монополий также смогут ходатайствовать в органы власти разных уровней об отчуждении у владельца надела земли. Перечень этих организаций должен быть определен Правительством. Выкупная цена отчуждаемого участка формирует Федеральный Закон "Об оценочной деятельности в Российской Федерации".
Как производится изъятие земельного участка
Для того чтобы произвести изъятие землевладения, необходимо выяснить его принадлежность:
- Ответственные органы власти делают запрос в Росреестр. Если он оказался безрезультатным, то аналогичные вопросы рассылаются в архивы, в муниципалитеты и предполагаемым владельцам.
- Заинтересованные отделы госвласти должны в срок не менее 60 дней до отчуждения разместить объявление о поиске владельца на официальном сайте.
- Если собственники не были найдены, уполномоченные лица обращаются в суд с признанием за собой права владения на данный земельный надел.
При применении этой нормы есть опасность появления у землевладения сразу двух собственников. Дело в том, что земли, полученные во владение до 1998 года, не занесены в Росреестр, и сведений об этой собственности в официальных источниках нет.
Поэтому субъектам, чье право на земельное владение было зарегистрировано до этого времени, необходимо уточнить информацию о праве на землю в ЕГРП.
Когда уполномоченными лицами будут найдены собственники, выносится постановление об отбирании искомого участка. В решении должны быть указаны:
- отчуждаемые наделы земли;
- если на них находятся здания или сооружения, они должны быть подробно перечислены;
- цели изъятия;
- указание на требования, в соответствии с которыми производятся мероприятия.
В течение 10 дней после вынесения постановления, оно направляется собственнику. Информация о нем располагается на официальном сайте и заносится в Росреестр. Это решение имеет силу в течение трех лет и может быть опротестовано заинтересованными лицами в суде.
Как формируется цена на отчуждаемый участок
Цена на отчуждаемое землевладение формируется на основе результата проверки, как декларирует Федеральный Закон "Об оценочной деятельности в Российской Федерации". В оценочную стоимость входит не только коммерческая цена самого надела и объектов, находящихся на нем, но и также утерянная выгода и понесенные собственником убытки. На денежную компенсацию могут рассчитывать не только владельцы надела, но и когда осуществляется аренда земли у государства, и лица, владеющие землёй по договору бессрочного пользования. Не вносятся в оценочную ведомость и не подлежат компенсации сооружения, построенные с нарушением разрешений на пользование землевладения или противоречащие договору. Если на участке после уведомления об изъятии были произведены улучшающие или ремонтные работы, они также не подлежат компенсации. Сумма возмещения рассчитывается за два месяца до отправки собственнику договора об отчуждении.
Соглашение об изъятии
С каждым владельцем земельных наделов или объекта недвижимости подписывается соглашение об изъятии. Если собственники согласны, взамен изымаемого земельного надела им могут быть предложены равноценные землевладения.
Проект договора направляется собственнику земли для согласования. В случае положительного решения, собственник подписывает его и направляет в ответственный за данное мероприятие орган. В случае несогласия, он указывает причины, по которым его не устраивает соглашение. Как правило, это выкупная цена. Собственник может приложить документы, доказывающие необходимость корректировки выкупной цены. Это могут быть договора купли-продажи участка или решения независимой экспертизы, которую он проводит за свой счет. Если органы власти сочтут эти доказательства убедительными, размер выплаты будет увеличен.
Если собственник земли не подпишет договор на протяжении трех месяцев, заинтересованные органы власти могут обратиться в суд для вынесения решения и выкупить квартиру у государства вместе с находящейся на нем недвижимой собственностью. Суд, рассмотрев все доказательства и доводы сторон, решает – осуществлять принудительное отчуждение или нет.
Советы владельцу земельного участка
Для того чтобы не оказаться в ситуации изъятия земли неожиданно, хозяевам наделов необходимо подготовиться:
- Удостоверьтесь, что в ЕГРП внесены все данные на землевладение, а также ваши контактные данные (номер телефона и проч.).
- Приведите в порядок документы на владение землей: кадастровый паспорт, межевой план. Если этих документов нет, сделайте обязательно. Вы должны доказать документально, что участок земли, на котором стоит дом или другие объекты, принадлежит вам на законных основаниях.
- Интересуетесь планами муниципалитета или региональных властей относительно застройки и благоустройства города. Можно также отслеживать изменения в генеральном плане.
Другие причины изъятия земли у собственника
Земля изымается в случае использования с нарушениями законодательства или если используется не по назначению. Если делянка не используется или не передается в аренду в течение трех лет, она признается невостребованной. Земля, которая значится в собственности невостребованной быть признана не может.
Земельное владение может быть реквизировано в связи с нарушением его использования:
- Если землевладение было передано для осуществления сельскохозяйственных работ и не используется в течение 3 и более лет.
- Если были грубо нарушены правила пользования земельным участком.
- Когда в результате использования земельного участка (в том числе и неправомерного) ухудшается экологическая обстановка близлежащих территорий.
В случае согласия собственника с изъятием по указанным причинам, земля продается с торгов. Если же собственник не согласен, дело передается в суд, и в случае проигрыша землевладельца продается по решению суда.
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